The Hepburn romanization system (ヘボン式ローマ字 Hebon-shiki Rōmaji ) is named after James Curtis Hepburn, who used it to transcribe the sounds of the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet in the third edition of his Japanese–English dictionary, published in 1887. The system was originally proposed by the Society for the Romanization of the Japanese Alphabet [1] (羅馬字会 Rōmajikai) in 1885. The Hepburn system was subsequently revised and called Shūsei Hebon-shiki Rōmaji (修正ヘボン式ローマ字). This revised version was referred to as Hyōjun-shiki Rōmaji (標準式ローマ字) (standard style) before.
The original and revised variants of Hepburn remain the most widely used methods of transcription of Japanese. As Hepburn is based on English phonology, an English speaker unfamiliar with Japanese will generally pronounce a word romanized in Hepburn more accurately than a word romanized in the competing Kunrei-shiki.
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Hepburn is based on English phonology, not Japanese, and as such has faced some opposition in Japan. In particular, a September 21, 1937 cabinet ordinance proclaimed an alternative system now commonly known as Kunrei-shiki to be Japan's official romanization for all purposes, but this was overturned by the Supreme Commander Allied Powers (SCAP) during the Occupation of Japan. The (slightly revised) ordinance was reissued in 1954.
In 1972, a revised version of Hepburn was codified as ANSI standard Z39.11-1972. It was proposed in 1989 as a draft for ISO 3602, but rejected in favor of Kunrei-shiki. The Z39.11-1972 standard was consequently deprecated on October 6, 1994.
Although Hepburn is not a government standard, some government agencies mandate it. For example, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs requires the use of Hepburn on passports, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport requires the use of Hepburn on transport signs, including road signs and railway station signs.
In many other areas where it lacks de jure status, Hepburn remains the de facto standard. Signs and notices in city offices and police stations, at shrines, temples and attractions also use it. English-language newspapers and media use the simplified form of Hepburn. Cities and prefectures use it in information for English-speaking residents and visitors, and English-language publications by the Japanese Foreign Ministry use simplified Hepburn too. Official tourism information put out by the government uses it, as do guidebooks, local and foreign, on Japan.
Many students of Japanese as a foreign language learn Hepburn.
There are three standard variants of Hepburn romanization.
In Japan itself, there are three variants officially mandated for various uses:
Details of these variants can be found below.
The romanizations set out in the first and second versions of Hepburn's dictionary are primarily of historical interest. Notable differences from the third and later versions include:
The following differences are in addition to those in the second version:
The main feature of Hepburn is that its spelling is based on English phonology. More technically, where syllables constructed systematically according to the Japanese syllabary contain the "unstable" consonant for the modern spoken language, the orthography is changed to something that, as an English speaker would pronounce it, better matches the real sound, for example し is written shi not * si.
Some linguists object to Hepburn, as the pronunciation-based spellings can obscure the systematic origins of Japanese phonetic structures, inflections, and conjugations. Supporters argue that Hepburn is not intended as a linguistic tool.
In traditional and revised Hepburn:
In modified Hepburn:
In traditional Hepburn:
In revised Hepburn:
In modified Hepburn:
Variations of the Hepburn system indicate the long vowels ō and ū as follows:
gojūon | yōon | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
あ a | い i | う u | え e | お o | (ya) | (yu) | (yo) |
か ka | き ki | く ku | け ke | こ ko | きゃ kya | きゅ kyu | きょ kyo |
さ sa | し shi | す su | せ se | そ so | しゃ sha | しゅ shu | しょ sho |
た ta | ち chi | つ tsu | て te | と to | ちゃ cha | ちゅ chu | ちょ cho |
な na | に ni | ぬ nu | ね ne | の no | にゃ nya | にゅ nyu | にょ nyo |
は ha | ひ hi | ふ fu | へ he | ほ ho | ひゃ hya | ひゅ hyu | ひょ hyo |
ま ma | み mi | む mu | め me | も mo | みゃ mya | みゅ myu | みょ myo |
や ya | ゆ yu | よ yo | |||||
ら ra | り ri | る ru | れ re | ろ ro | りゃ rya | りゅ ryu | りょ ryo |
わ wa | ゐ wi† | ゑ we† | を wo‡ | ||||
ん n-n'-m | |||||||
が ga | ぎ gi | ぐ gu | げ ge | ご go | ぎゃ gya | ぎゅ gyu | ぎょ gyo |
ざ za | じ ji | ず zu | ぜ ze | ぞ zo | じゃ ja | じゅ ju | じょ jo |
だ da | ぢ (ji) | づ (zu) | で de | ど do | ぢゃ (ja) | ぢゅ (ju) | ぢょ (jo) |
ば ba | び bi | ぶ bu | べ be | ぼ bo | びゃ bya | びゅ byu | びょ byo |
ぱ pa | ぴ pi | ぷ pu | ぺ pe | ぽ po | ぴゃ pya | ぴゅ pyu | ぴょ pyo |
gojūon | yōon | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ア a | イ i | ウ u | エ e | オ o | (ya) | (yu) | (yo) |
カ ka | キ ki | ク ku | ケ ke | コ ko | キャ kya | キュ kyu | キョ kyo |
サ sa | シ shi | ス su | セ se | ソ so | シャ sha | シュ shu | ショ sho |
タ ta | チ chi | ツ tsu | テ te | ト to | チャ cha | チュ chu | チョ cho |
ナ na | ニ ni | ヌ nu | ネ ne | ノ no | ニャ nya | ニュ nyu | ニョ nyo |
ハ ha | ヒ hi | フ fu | ヘ he | ホ ho | ヒャ hya | ヒュ hyu | ヒョ hyo |
マ ma | ミ mi | ム mu | メ me | モ mo | ミャ mya | ミュ myu | ミョ myo |
ヤ ya | ユ yu | ヨ yo | |||||
ラ ra | リ ri | ル ru | レ re | ロ ro | リャ rya | リュ ryu | リョ ryo |
ワ wa | ヰ wi† | ヱ we† | ヲ wo‡ | ||||
ン n-n' | |||||||
ガ ga | ギ gi | グ gu | ゲ ge | ゴ go | ギャ gya | ギュ gyu | ギョ gyo |
ザ za | ジ ji | ズ zu | ゼ ze | ゾ zo | ジャ ja | ジュ ju | ジョ jo |
ダ da | ヂ (ji) | ヅ (zu) | デ de | ド do | ヂャ (ja) | ヂュ (ju) | ヂョ (jo) |
バ ba | ビ bi | ブ bu | ベ be | ボ bo | ビャ bya | ビュ byu | ビョ byo |
パ pa | ピ pi | プ pu | ペ pe | ポ po | ピャ pya | ピュ pyu | ピョ pyo |
These are used mainly to represent the sounds in words in other languages. Most of these are not formally standardized.
イェ ye | ||||
ウィ wi | ウェ we | ウォ wo | ||
ヷ va† | ヸ vi† | ヹ ve† | ヺ vo† | |
ヴァ va | ヴィ vi | ヴ vu | ヴェ ve | ヴォ vo |
シェ she | ||||
ジェ je | ||||
チェ che | ||||
ティ ti | トゥ tu | |||
テュ tyu | ||||
ディ di | ドゥ du | |||
デュ dyu | ||||
ツァ tsa | ツィ tsi | ツェ tse | ツォ tso | |
ファ fa | フィ fi | フェ fe | フォ fo | |
フュ fyu |
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